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1.
Rev. direito sanit ; 22(2): 0021, 20221230. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1425316

ABSTRACT

Las especies virales de la familia Coronaviridae presentan transmisión zoonótica y causan infecciones respiratorias y gastrointestinales en aves y mamíferos. En esta familia existen tres especies que han podido infectar diversas poblaciones humanas: SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV y SARS-CoV-2. Este último virus es el agente causal de la enfermedad denominada Covid-19, declarada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como pandemia debido a su forma de transmisión, periodo de latencia y reportes en todo el mundo. En Ecuador, el primer caso de Covid-19 fue diagnosticado el 28 de febrero de 2020 y las medidas sanitarias fueron focalizadas en la suspensión de eventos masivos de forma local. Varios días después, el aislamiento empezó con el decreto del Estado de Emergencia Sanitaria en el que el gobierno central y el municipio de Quito innovaron en medidas de contingencia y prevención. Acto seguido, la imposición de cuarentena y toque de queda nacional inició con la declaración del Estado de Excepción, pero el municipio de Guayaquil no pudo manejar la contumacia ciudadana. Producto de ello, Guayaquil reportó un crecimiento exorbitante de defunciones en hospitales, viviendas y calles de la urbe. Por otra parte, el modelo de gestión establecido en Quito minimizó el impacto de la nueva enfermedad.


Viral species of the Coronaviridae family present zoonotic transmission and cause respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in birds and mammals. Three species of this family managed to infect several human populations: SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. This last virus is the causative agent of the disease called covid-19, declared by the World Health Organization as a pandemic due to its mode of transmission, latency period and reports around the world. In Ecuador, the first case of covid-19 was diagnosed on February 28, 2020 and health measures have focused on suspending massive events locally. Several days later, isolation began with the decree of a State of Health Emergency in which the central government and the Municipality of Quito innovated in contingency and prevention measures. Immediately af terwards, the imposition of the quarantine and the national curfew began with the declaration of the State of Exception, but the municipality of Guayaquil was not able to face the citizen's contumacy. As a result, Guayaquil saw an exorbitant increase in deaths in hospitals, homes and city streets. On the other hand, the management model established in Quito minimized the impact of the new disease.


Espécies virais da família Coronaviridae apresentam transmissão zoonótica e causam infecções respiratórias e gastrointestinais em aves e mamíferos. Três espécies dessa família conseguiram infectar várias populações humanas: SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV e SARS-CoV-2. Este último vírus é o agente causador da doença chamada covid-19, declarada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como uma pandemia devido ao seu modo de transmissão, período de latência e relatos em todo o mundo. No Equador, o primeiro caso de covid-19 foi diagnosticado em 28 de fevereiro de 2020 e as medidas sanitárias concentraram-se na suspensão de eventos massivos localmente. Vários dias depois, o isolamento começou com o decreto de Estado de Emergência Sanitária no qual o governo central e o Município de Quito inovaram em medidas de contingência e prevenção. Imediatamente depois, começou a imposição da quarentena e do toque de recolher nacional com a declaração do Estado de Exceção, mas o município de Guayaquil não foi capaz de enfrentar a contumácia do cidadão. Como resultado disso, Guayaquil registrou um crescimento exorbitante de mortes em hospitais, residências e ruas da cidade. Por outro lado, o modelo de gestão estabelecido em Quito minimizou o impacto da nova doença.

2.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 41(supl.1): 35-46, mayo 2021. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1285448

ABSTRACT

Abstract | Introduction: Strongyloides venezuelensis is a nematode whose natural host is rats. It is used as a model for the investigation of human strongyloidiasis caused by S. stercoralis. The latter is a neglected tropical disease in Ecuador where there are no specific plans to mitigate this parasitic illness. Objective: To evaluate the stages of S. venezuelensis in an experimental life cycle using Wistar rats. Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats were used to replicate the natural biological cycle of S. venezuelensis and describe its morphometric characteristics, as well as its parasitic development. Furthermore, the production of eggs per gram of feces was quantified using two diagnostic techniques and assessment of parasite load: Kato-Katz and qPCR. Results: Viable larval stages (Lr L2, L3) could be obtained up to 96 hours through fecal culture. Parthenogenetic females were established in the duodenum on the fifth day postinfection. Fertile eggs were observed in the intestinal tissue and fresh feces where the production peak occurred on the 8th. day post-infection. Unlike Kato-Katz, qPCR detected parasitic DNA on days not typically reported. Conclusions: The larval migration of S. venezuelensis within the murine host in an experimental environment was equivalent to that described in its natural biological cycle. The Kato-Katz quantitative technique showed to be quick and low-cost, but the qPCR had greater diagnostic precision. This experimental life cycle can be used as a tool for the study of strongyloidiasis or other similar nematodiasis.


Resumen | Introducción. Strongyloides venezuelensis es un nematodo cuyo huésped natural son las ratas. Se utiliza como modelo para la investigación de la estrongiloidiasis humana producida por S. stercoralis. Esta última es una enfermedad tropical desatendida que afecta al Ecuador, donde no existen planes específicos para mitigar esta parasitosis. Objetivo. Evaluar experimentalmente los estadios del ciclo de vida de S. venezuelensis utilizando ratas Wistar. Materiales y métodos. Se emplearon ratas Wistar macho para replicar el ciclo biológico natural de S. venezuelensis y describir sus características morfométricas y su desarrollo parasitario. Además, se cuantificó la producción de huevos por gramo de heces mediante dos técnicas de diagnóstico y valoración de carga parasitaria: Kato-Katz y qPCR. Resultados. Se obtuvieron estadios larvarios viables (L1, L2, L3) hasta las 96 horas del cultivo fecal. En el duodeno se establecieron hembras partenogenéticas a partir del quinto día de la infección. Se observaron huevos fértiles en el tejido intestinal inspeccionado y en las heces frescas, en las que el pico de producción ocurrió al octavo día de la infección. A diferencia del método Kato-Katz, la qPCR detectó ADN parasitario en días que usualmente no se reportan. Conclusiones. La migración larvaria de S. venezuelensis dentro del ratón en un ambiente experimental fue equivalente al descrito en un ciclo biológico natural. El método cuantitativo de Kato-Katz dio resultados inmediatos a más bajo costo, pero la qPCR tuvo mayor precisión diagnóstica. Este ciclo de vida experimental puede usarse como una herramienta para el estudio de la estrongiloidiasis u otras nematodiasis similares.


Subject(s)
Strongyloides , Rats, Wistar , Ecuador , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic , Life Cycle Stages , Nematoda
3.
Geriatr., Gerontol. Aging (Online) ; 12(4): 196-201, out.-dez.2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-981848

ABSTRACT

AIM: Acute care has some complications in the older adult, a frequently overlooked complication is caregiver burden. Scarce information is available on this matter. Therefore, the objective is to describe the factors associated with caregiver burden at the moment of discharge of a hospitalized older adult, in the Mexican healthcare context. METHOD: This is a secondary analysis of a hospital. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed with caregiving burden (measured with the Zarit scale) as the dependent variable. Other variables were tested in order to assess their association with caregiver burden: sociodemographic, health-related, depression, functionality, social support and hospital length of stay, caregiver expenses, quality of life and satisfaction with received care. RESULTS: A total of 111 older adults with their respective caregivers were assessed. From this sample, the mean age for older adults was 73 years (± standard deviation 7.9 years) and 65.7% (n = 73) were women. Caregiver burden was present in 39.6% (n = 44) of the individuals. Regarding the multivariate analyses, the only variable independently associated with caregiver burden was depression in the older adult, odds ratio 1.12 (95% confidence interval 1­1.25, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: In concordance with previous work on this matter, according to our results depression in the older adult was a trigger of caregiver burden at discharge of acute care.


OBJETIVO: Os cuidados intensivos têm algumas complicações em idosos, e uma frequentemente negligenciada é a sobrecarga do cuidador, sobre a qual pouca informação está disponível. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os fatores associados com a sobrecarga do cuidador na alta hospitalar de um paciente idoso no contexto médico mexicano. METODOLOGIA: Esta é uma análise secundária de um hospital. Foram realizadas análises bivariadas e multivariadas tendo a sobrecarga do cuidador (medida com a escala de Zarit) como variável dependente. Outras variáveis foram testadas com o propósito de avaliar a sua associação com a sobrecarga do cuidador: sociodemográficas, de saúde, depressão, funcionalidade, apoio social e duração da estadia hospitalar, despesas do cuidador, qualidade de vida e satisfação com o cuidado recebido. RESULTADOS: Ao todo, 111 idosos com seus cuidadores foram avaliados. Dessa amostra, a idade média dos idosos foi de 73 anos (± desvio-padrão de 7,9 anos) e 65,7% (n=73) eram mulheres. A sobrecarga do cuidador estava presente em 39,6% (n=44) dos indivíduos. Com relação às análises multivariadas, a única variável independentemente associada com a sobrecarga do cuidador foi a depressão nos idosos, com razão de probabilidade de 1,12 (95% intervalo de confiança 1­1.25, p = 0.045). CONCLUSÕES: Em conformidade com trabalhos anteriores realizados sobre este assunto, de acordo com os nossos resultados a depressão nos idosos foi um gatilho para a sobrecarga do cuidador na alta dos cuidados intensivos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Geriatric Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Workload/statistics & numerical data , Caregivers/psychology , Caregivers/statistics & numerical data , Health of the Elderly , Depression/psychology , Hospitalization , Mexico
4.
Acta méd. colomb ; 43(2): 69-73, abr.-jun. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-949542

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: la desnutrición es una condición frecuente en las personas mayores de 65 años. El mal estado nutricional se ha relacionado con mayores estancias hospitalarias, complicaciones, aumento en comorbilidades y mortalidad. Este estudio busca describir la relación entre el estado nutricional de adultos mayores hospitalizados y factores como red de apoyo, funcionalidad y presencia de demencia. Material y métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal analítico basado en la revisión de historias de los pacientes hospitalizados por el Servicio de Geriatría del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio de Bogotá D.C. La variable dependiente fue el estado nutricional medido con el instrumento Mini-Nutritional Assessment y se usaron como variables independientes factores sociodemográficos, el estado funcional, el diagnóstico previo de demencia, la red de apoyo, delirium, tiempo de estancia hospitalaria, comorbilidades. Resultados: se incluyeron 887 pacientes con edad promedio de 85.43 años, de los cuales 43.07% eran hombres. En el modelo de regresión logística la presencia de delirium OR 2.27 (IC 1.48-3.48), el diagnóstico previo de demencia OR 2.48 (IC 1.63-3.77) y el mayor tiempo de estancia hospitalaria OR 1.05 (IC 1.0-1.10) tuvieron una asociación de aumento de riesgo con desnutrición. Conclusión: se encontró una asociación significativa entre mal estado nutricional con menor funcionalidad, mayor estancia hospitalaria, tener diagnóstico de demencia, presentar delirium, tener un mayor número de comorbilidad y mayor mortalidad. Se requieren más estudios que aborden este tema. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 69-73).


Abstract Introduction: malnutrition is a prevalent condition in people older than 65 years. Poor nutritional status has been associated to longer hospital stays, complications, increased comorbidities and mortality. This study aims to describe the relationship between the nutritional status of hospitalized older adults and factors such as support network, functionality and the presence of dementia. Materials and methods: a descriptive cross-sectional analytical study was carried out based on the revision of medical records of patients hospitalized by the Geriatrics Unit at San Ignacio University Hospital in Bogota, Colombia. Nutritional status measured through theMini-Nutritional Assessment was considered to be the dependent variable. Sociodemographic factors, functional status, previous diagnosis of dementia, support network, delirium, length of hospital stay and presence of comorbidities were used as independent variables. Results: 887 patients with an average age of 85.43 were included. 43.07% were men. The logistic regression model revealed that the presence of delirium OR 2.27 (CI 1.48-3.48), the diagnosis of dementia OR 2.48 (CI 1.63-3.77) and the longer hospital stay OR 1.05 (CI 1.0-1.10) had an association of increased risk with malnutrition. Conclusion: a significant association was found between poor nutritional status with decreased functionality, longer hospital stays, having a diagnosis of dementia, presenting delirium, having a greater number of comorbidity and higher mortality. Future studies addressing this issue are required. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 69-73).


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged, 80 and over , Aged , Nutritional Status , Malnutrition , Hospitalization
5.
Rev. colomb. cardiol ; 17(3): 99-105, mayo-jun. 2010.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-554910

ABSTRACT

ANTECEDENTES: la evidencia disponible de stents liberadores de medicamento proviene de estudios controlados con estrictos criterios de inclusión, limitando sus conclusiones y haciendo difícil la aplicación de sus resultados en el mundo real. OBJETIVO: determinar la incidencia de trombosis de stents liberadores y no liberadores de medicamento en pacientes del ®mundo real¼. METODOLOGÍA: estudio de incidencia para determinar el número de casos de trombosis de stents implantados, mediante información obtenida a partir de historias clínicas, bases de datos y seguimiento clínico, y con base en características demográficas, factores de riesgo, consumo de clopidogrel y casos de trombosis del stent con un seguimiento de cero días a un año. RESULTADOS: 640 stents implantados (69,2% no medicados, 30,8% medicados de los cuales 18,9% eran medicados con placlitaxel y 11,9% medicados con sirolimus). Se identificaron doce eventos de trombosis (siete stents medicados y cinco no medicados). La incidencia de trombosis con cualquier tipo de stent fue de 1,88% (IC 95% 0,97-3,28). La incidencia de trombosis con stent medicado fue 3,55% (IC 95% 1,43-7,32), y con stent no medicado 1,13% (IC 95% 0,37-2,64) p=0,000. El riesgo relativo de trombosis con stent medicado es de 3,14 (IC 95% 1,01-9,78) p=0,037. El riesgo relativo de presentar trombosis con stent medicado en infarto agudo del miocardio es 8,11 (IC 95% 2,32-28,31) p=0,001. CONCLUSIONES: la incidencia de trombosis del stent aumenta en el mundo real, y existe mayor riesgo de trombosis de stents medicados especialmente cuando son implantados en el contexto de un infarto agudo del miocardio. Es necesario realizar estudios futuros que involucren una población de pacientes más amplia y con seguimiento a largo plazo.


BACKGROUND: The existing evidence of drug-eluting stents comes from controlled studies done with strict inclusion criteria, limiting their conclusions and making difficult to apply their findings in the real world.Objectives: determine the incidence of thrombosis between bare metal stents versus drug-eluting stents in patients in the ®real world¼. METHODS: incidence study to determine the number of cases of thrombosis in implanted stents through information gathered from clinical records, data bases and clinical follow-up, based on demographic characteristics, risk factors, clopidogrel treatment and events of stent thrombosis with a 0 days to 1 year follow-up. RESULTS: 640 stents were implanted. 69.2% were bare metal stents and 30.8% drug-eluting stents, from which 18.9% were with placlitaxel and 11.9% with sirolimus. 12 thrombosis events were identified (7 with drug-eluting stents and 5 with bare metal stents). The incidence of thrombosis with any kind of stent was 1.88 %( CI 95% 0.97-3.28). The incidence of thrombosis with drug-eluting stents was 3.55% (CI 95%1.43-7.32), and with bare metal stents 1.13% (CI 95% 0.37-2.64) p=0.000. The relative risk of thrombosis with drug eluting stents is 3.14 (CI 95%1.01-9.78) p=0.037. The relative risk of thrombosis with drug eluting stents and acute myocardial infarction is 8.11 (CI 95%2.32-28.31) p=0,001. CONCLUSIONS: there is an increased incidence of thrombosis of coronary stents in the real world and a greater risk of thrombosis with drug eluting stents, especially when implanted in the context of an acute myocardial infarction. It is necessary to conduct further studies that may involve a higher sample of patients population and long-term follow-up.


Subject(s)
Stents , Thrombosis
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